Open source software for decaRbonisation

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

# Open source software for decaRbonisation
## A case study of tools to support sustainable transport plans
### Robin Lovelace, for UseR Edinburgh (EdinbR)
### 2021-11-17. Source code: <a href="https://github.com/robinlovelace/presentations">github.com/robinlovelace/presentations</a>

---

## Bio

I'm an Associate Professor of Transport Data Science at the Leeds Institute for Transport Studies (ITS) with research interests ranging from optimal zoning systems for urban analysis to analysis of road safety data. I have experience not only researching but deploying transport models in inform sustainable policies, and have used R heavily in my role as Lead Developer of the Propensity to Cycle Tool (see www.pct.bike), an open source and open access tool used by dozens of transport authorities to support evidence-based design of strategic cycle networks. I'm also a keen R user, developer and teacher, author of [Geocomputation with R](https://geocompr.robinlovelace.net/) and several R packages.

---

# Background, collaborations, interests

- BSc in Geography (Bristol) and MSc in Environmental Science (York), PhD in energy costs of commuting [2014](http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5027/)
- Limitations of available tools for modelling led to the development of new methodologies and the book Spatial Microsimulation with R ([2016](https://spatial-microsim-book.robinlovelace.net/))
- Co-authored Efficient R Programming ([2016](https://csgillespie.github.io/efficientR/))
- Lead Developer of Propensity to Cycle Tool (PCT) ([2017](https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/862))
- Author of Geocomputation with R ([2019](http://geocompr.robinlovelace.net/transport.html))
- Lots of [papers](https://www.robinlovelace.net/publication/)!

---

# Teaching materials and data science training

```r
knitr::include_graphics(c(
  "https://images.tandf.co.uk/common/jackets/amazon/978149871/9781498711548.jpg",
  "https://csgillespie.github.io/efficientR/figures/f0_web.png",
  "https://geocompr.robinlovelace.net/images/cover.png"
))
```

- Data science training for the Department for Transport, Highways England, RAC Foundation
- Hackathons sponsored by the R foundation and the Department for Transport

---
## Geographic methods for policy making

.left-column[

Lead Developer of the DfT's PCT (Lovelace et al. 2017) : transformational impact on planning in the UK (source: REF Impact Case Study)

COVID response: RAPID tool (Lovelace et al. 2020)

ActDev tool for informing planning process

]

.right-column[

]

---

# Open source software, community building

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1825120/142075245-3dee4b6e-e4d6-424d-b4aa-a72458e88fd6.png)

---

.left-column[
## Domain experience

Close working relationship with DfT over past 6 years

Collaborations with Ordnance Survey (LIDA), National Highways (training), links with DLUHC and Open Innovation Team

Transport behaviour, infrastructure, safety, energy

]
.right-column[

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cyipt/actdev/main/data-small/scenario-overview.png)

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1825120/142076842-bc87bf5b-f8b2-4fbc-bcb4-a4da575b171f.png)

]

---

.left-column[

# Ideas

Hackathons

Active travel

Road safety policy

Post COVID recovery

Levelling up metrics

Nature recovery networks

Citizen science and data literacy

]

.right-column[

![](https://saferactive.github.io/trafficalmr/articles/covid.png)

![](https://a-b-street.github.io/docs/project/history/retrospective/edit_roads.gif)

]

---

### Climate change: The elephant in the room

???

What is climate change? And how does it related to open source software?

It's great to be able to talk about climate change upfront. Usually it's behind the scenes.

To solve problems you need to talk about them.

Everyone including the elephant knows that climate change means the world is getting warmer.

But fewer people talk about 'global drying' and likely impacts such as sudden sea level rise that can only be described as catastrophic

As with health, the most solutions tackle the root causes of the problem. So what is the root cause of the problem? We can go back a few steps...

Climate change is caused by emissions.

Emissions are (primarily) caused by combustion of fossil fuels

But what causes that? Energy consumption.

What causes energy use? Demand for energy intensive things, transport, manufacturing

---

## Example: Climate change, what data science can bring

.left-column[

Emotive and potentially polarising issue

Data can provide a shared starting point

Nationally scenarios are vital

Locally, visions, trust, buy-in and participation are key

]

.right-column[

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1897 Emissions: 30567185 Entity: Asia","Year: 1898 Emissions: 36578548 Entity: Asia","Year: 1899 Emissions: 38846373 Entity: Asia","Year: 1900 Emissions: 44119427 Entity: Asia","Year: 1901 Emissions: 50483996 Entity: Asia","Year: 1902 Emissions: 52619952 Entity: Asia","Year: 1903 Emissions: 57142089 Entity: Asia","Year: 1904 Emissions: 64124574 Entity: Asia","Year: 1905 Emissions: 65417968 Entity: Asia","Year: 1906 Emissions: 87527399 Entity: Asia","Year: 1907 Emissions: 94294143 Entity: Asia","Year: 1908 Emissions: 106136979 Entity: Asia","Year: 1909 Emissions: 105951259 Entity: Asia","Year: 1910 Emissions: 104674490 Entity: Asia","Year: 1911 Emissions: 121138630 Entity: Asia","Year: 1912 Emissions: 112716931 Entity: Asia","Year: 1913 Emissions: 124070544 Entity: Asia","Year: 1914 Emissions: 131447642 Entity: Asia","Year: 1915 Emissions: 127501520 Entity: Asia","Year: 1916 Emissions: 137918471 Entity: Asia","Year: 1917 Emissions: 149998088 Entity: Asia","Year: 1918 Emissions: 153275470 Entity: Asia","Year: 1919 Emissions: 169919363 Entity: Asia","Year: 1920 Emissions: 162005900 Entity: Asia","Year: 1921 Emissions: 158416551 Entity: Asia","Year: 1922 Emissions: 168042985 Entity: Asia","Year: 1923 Emissions: 184953905 Entity: Asia","Year: 1924 Emissions: 199653142 Entity: Asia","Year: 1925 Emissions: 202835344 Entity: Asia","Year: 1926 Emissions: 204900951 Entity: Asia","Year: 1927 Emissions: 224699438 Entity: Asia","Year: 1928 Emissions: 235121388 Entity: Asia","Year: 1929 Emissions: 246093757 Entity: Asia","Year: 1930 Emissions: 246557694 Entity: Asia","Year: 1931 Emissions: 237337417 Entity: Asia","Year: 1932 Emissions: 237432769 Entity: Asia","Year: 1933 Emissions: 261528881 Entity: Asia","Year: 1934 Emissions: 296937540 Entity: Asia","Year: 1935 Emissions: 322726372 Entity: Asia","Year: 1936 Emissions: 354201472 Entity: Asia","Year: 1937 Emissions: 375599676 Entity: Asia","Year: 1938 Emissions: 389285021 Entity: Asia","Year: 1939 Emissions: 412157752 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Asia","Year: 1961 Emissions: 1395308133 Entity: Asia","Year: 1962 Emissions: 1344445545 Entity: Asia","Year: 1963 Emissions: 1425118416 Entity: Asia","Year: 1964 Emissions: 1509494689 Entity: Asia","Year: 1965 Emissions: 1652064447 Entity: Asia","Year: 1966 Emissions: 1799358286 Entity: Asia","Year: 1967 Emissions: 1827449007 Entity: Asia","Year: 1968 Emissions: 2018387350 Entity: Asia","Year: 1969 Emissions: 2291939814 Entity: Asia","Year: 1970 Emissions: 2699300836 Entity: Asia","Year: 1971 Emissions: 2953833259 Entity: Asia","Year: 1972 Emissions: 3124009857 Entity: Asia","Year: 1973 Emissions: 3355519482 Entity: Asia","Year: 1974 Emissions: 3415347407 Entity: Asia","Year: 1975 Emissions: 3581002878 Entity: Asia","Year: 1976 Emissions: 3806119266 Entity: Asia","Year: 1977 Emissions: 4050961252 Entity: Asia","Year: 1978 Emissions: 4232254059 Entity: Asia","Year: 1979 Emissions: 4405939806 Entity: Asia","Year: 1980 Emissions: 4400904783 Entity: Asia","Year: 1981 Emissions: 4374459208 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40520176 Entity: Europe","Year: 1813 Emissions: 40696048 Entity: Europe","Year: 1814 Emissions: 41564416 Entity: Europe","Year: 1815 Emissions: 42883456 Entity: Europe","Year: 1816 Emissions: 46998128 Entity: Europe","Year: 1817 Emissions: 48709216 Entity: Europe","Year: 1818 Emissions: 48859440 Entity: Europe","Year: 1819 Emissions: 49181872 Entity: Europe","Year: 1820 Emissions: 49892688 Entity: Europe","Year: 1821 Emissions: 50603504 Entity: Europe","Year: 1822 Emissions: 52596720 Entity: Europe","Year: 1823 Emissions: 55645168 Entity: Europe","Year: 1824 Emissions: 57506480 Entity: Europe","Year: 1825 Emissions: 59616944 Entity: Europe","Year: 1826 Emissions: 60100592 Entity: Europe","Year: 1827 Emissions: 64464416 Entity: Europe","Year: 1828 Emissions: 65039664 Entity: Europe","Year: 1829 Emissions: 64596320 Entity: Europe","Year: 1830 Emissions: 87028597 Entity: Europe","Year: 1831 Emissions: 82257590 Entity: Europe","Year: 1832 Emissions: 82082675 Entity: Europe","Year: 1833 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Emissions: 927854281 Entity: Europe","Year: 1895 Emissions: 952554435 Entity: Europe","Year: 1896 Emissions: 996090638 Entity: Europe","Year: 1897 Emissions: 1045580067 Entity: Europe","Year: 1898 Emissions: 1079071410 Entity: Europe","Year: 1899 Emissions: 1149405592 Entity: Europe","Year: 1900 Emissions: 1205634433 Entity: Europe","Year: 1901 Emissions: 1195102204 Entity: Europe","Year: 1902 Emissions: 1195967404 Entity: Europe","Year: 1903 Emissions: 1245050532 Entity: Europe","Year: 1904 Emissions: 1268305471 Entity: Europe","Year: 1905 Emissions: 1305575825 Entity: Europe","Year: 1906 Emissions: 1347295601 Entity: Europe","Year: 1907 Emissions: 1492693435 Entity: Europe","Year: 1908 Emissions: 1517106467 Entity: Europe","Year: 1909 Emissions: 1518710768 Entity: Europe","Year: 1910 Emissions: 1538492133 Entity: Europe","Year: 1911 Emissions: 1573984768 Entity: Europe","Year: 1912 Emissions: 1632356078 Entity: Europe","Year: 1913 Emissions: 1767217084 Entity: Europe","Year: 1914 Emissions: 1573793464 Entity: Europe","Year: 1915 Emissions: 1492706247 Entity: Europe","Year: 1916 Emissions: 1561014950 Entity: Europe","Year: 1917 Emissions: 1533266620 Entity: Europe","Year: 1918 Emissions: 1394054050 Entity: Europe","Year: 1919 Emissions: 1183761186 Entity: Europe","Year: 1920 Emissions: 1373670782 Entity: Europe","Year: 1921 Emissions: 1253114718 Entity: Europe","Year: 1922 Emissions: 1397864742 Entity: Europe","Year: 1923 Emissions: 1335672826 Entity: Europe","Year: 1924 Emissions: 1541490880 Entity: Europe","Year: 1925 Emissions: 1526763297 Entity: Europe","Year: 1926 Emissions: 1308384783 Entity: Europe","Year: 1927 Emissions: 1670139118 Entity: Europe","Year: 1928 Emissions: 1676784845 Entity: Europe","Year: 1929 Emissions: 1820241885 Entity: Europe","Year: 1930 Emissions: 1721169046 Entity: Europe","Year: 1931 Emissions: 1606566367 Entity: Europe","Year: 1932 Emissions: 1492846009 Entity: Europe","Year: 1933 Emissions: 1537176189 Entity: Europe","Year: 1934 Emissions: 1682142368 Entity: Europe","Year: 1935 Emissions: 1766803244 Entity: Europe","Year: 1936 Emissions: 1876495299 Entity: Europe","Year: 1937 Emissions: 2036583243 Entity: Europe","Year: 1938 Emissions: 2045974976 Entity: Europe","Year: 1939 Emissions: 2094155174 Entity: Europe","Year: 1940 Emissions: 2227796437 Entity: Europe","Year: 1941 Emissions: 2142812350 Entity: Europe","Year: 1942 Emissions: 1996334644 Entity: Europe","Year: 1943 Emissions: 2002949695 Entity: Europe","Year: 1944 Emissions: 1889258345 Entity: Europe","Year: 1945 Emissions: 1233343091 Entity: Europe","Year: 1946 Emissions: 1656558714 Entity: Europe","Year: 1947 Emissions: 1907210680 Entity: Europe","Year: 1948 Emissions: 2055523221 Entity: Europe","Year: 1949 Emissions: 2242201278 Entity: Europe","Year: 1950 Emissions: 2382639410 Entity: Europe","Year: 1951 Emissions: 2629480210 Entity: Europe","Year: 1952 Emissions: 2713203162 Entity: Europe","Year: 1953 Emissions: 2790667099 Entity: Europe","Year: 1954 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International transport","Year: 1985 Emissions: 367289366 Entity: International transport","Year: 1986 Emissions: 393528853 Entity: International transport","Year: 1987 Emissions: 527547779 Entity: International transport","Year: 1988 Emissions: 545601696 Entity: International transport","Year: 1989 Emissions: 565264315 Entity: International transport","Year: 1990 Emissions: 557909724 Entity: International transport","Year: 1991 Emissions: 550602412 Entity: International transport","Year: 1992 Emissions: 559748269 Entity: International transport","Year: 1993 Emissions: 562453473 Entity: International transport","Year: 1994 Emissions: 589485812 Entity: International transport","Year: 1995 Emissions: 622759043 Entity: International transport","Year: 1996 Emissions: 673977896 Entity: International transport","Year: 1997 Emissions: 709381689 Entity: International transport","Year: 1998 Emissions: 751714956 Entity: International transport","Year: 1999 Emissions: 776286591 Entity: 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]

???

The Downward trend during coronavirus saw emissions drop by ~10%

The scale of the challenge is to reduce emissions by 10% every year, every year, and the challenge gets hard with each year

That means: we need transformational

---

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1825120/141004976-f6dd6243-2bff-42bb-8045-4654df084906.png)

---

```r
g = ggplot(emissions_regions) +
  geom_line(aes(Year, Emissions, colour = Entity), show.legend = FALSE)
plotly::ggplotly(g)
```

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1875 Emissions: 2711942 Entity: Asia","Year: 1876 Emissions: 2820634 Entity: Asia","Year: 1877 Emissions: 2902732 Entity: Asia","Year: 1878 Emissions: 5477012 Entity: Asia","Year: 1879 Emissions: 5690505 Entity: Asia","Year: 1880 Emissions: 6211425 Entity: Asia","Year: 1881 Emissions: 6371578 Entity: Asia","Year: 1882 Emissions: 6901475 Entity: Asia","Year: 1883 Emissions: 7632929 Entity: Asia","Year: 1884 Emissions: 8217833 Entity: Asia","Year: 1885 Emissions: 8567155 Entity: Asia","Year: 1886 Emissions: 9143532 Entity: Asia","Year: 1887 Emissions: 10569025 Entity: Asia","Year: 1888 Emissions: 11750825 Entity: Asia","Year: 1889 Emissions: 13819326 Entity: Asia","Year: 1890 Emissions: 15128221 Entity: Asia","Year: 1891 Emissions: 17249326 Entity: Asia","Year: 1892 Emissions: 18323509 Entity: Asia","Year: 1893 Emissions: 20470128 Entity: Asia","Year: 1894 Emissions: 22806617 Entity: Asia","Year: 1895 Emissions: 26372374 Entity: Asia","Year: 1896 Emissions: 28100072 Entity: Asia","Year: 1897 Emissions: 30567185 Entity: Asia","Year: 1898 Emissions: 36578548 Entity: Asia","Year: 1899 Emissions: 38846373 Entity: Asia","Year: 1900 Emissions: 44119427 Entity: Asia","Year: 1901 Emissions: 50483996 Entity: Asia","Year: 1902 Emissions: 52619952 Entity: Asia","Year: 1903 Emissions: 57142089 Entity: Asia","Year: 1904 Emissions: 64124574 Entity: Asia","Year: 1905 Emissions: 65417968 Entity: Asia","Year: 1906 Emissions: 87527399 Entity: Asia","Year: 1907 Emissions: 94294143 Entity: Asia","Year: 1908 Emissions: 106136979 Entity: Asia","Year: 1909 Emissions: 105951259 Entity: Asia","Year: 1910 Emissions: 104674490 Entity: Asia","Year: 1911 Emissions: 121138630 Entity: Asia","Year: 1912 Emissions: 112716931 Entity: Asia","Year: 1913 Emissions: 124070544 Entity: Asia","Year: 1914 Emissions: 131447642 Entity: Asia","Year: 1915 Emissions: 127501520 Entity: Asia","Year: 1916 Emissions: 137918471 Entity: Asia","Year: 1917 Emissions: 149998088 Entity: Asia","Year: 1918 Emissions: 153275470 Entity: Asia","Year: 1919 Emissions: 169919363 Entity: Asia","Year: 1920 Emissions: 162005900 Entity: Asia","Year: 1921 Emissions: 158416551 Entity: Asia","Year: 1922 Emissions: 168042985 Entity: Asia","Year: 1923 Emissions: 184953905 Entity: Asia","Year: 1924 Emissions: 199653142 Entity: Asia","Year: 1925 Emissions: 202835344 Entity: Asia","Year: 1926 Emissions: 204900951 Entity: Asia","Year: 1927 Emissions: 224699438 Entity: Asia","Year: 1928 Emissions: 235121388 Entity: Asia","Year: 1929 Emissions: 246093757 Entity: Asia","Year: 1930 Emissions: 246557694 Entity: Asia","Year: 1931 Emissions: 237337417 Entity: Asia","Year: 1932 Emissions: 237432769 Entity: Asia","Year: 1933 Emissions: 261528881 Entity: Asia","Year: 1934 Emissions: 296937540 Entity: Asia","Year: 1935 Emissions: 322726372 Entity: Asia","Year: 1936 Emissions: 354201472 Entity: Asia","Year: 1937 Emissions: 375599676 Entity: Asia","Year: 1938 Emissions: 389285021 Entity: Asia","Year: 1939 Emissions: 412157752 Entity: Asia","Year: 1940 Emissions: 467790981 Entity: Asia","Year: 1941 Emissions: 472586208 Entity: Asia","Year: 1942 Emissions: 433908067 Entity: Asia","Year: 1943 Emissions: 428679468 Entity: Asia","Year: 1944 Emissions: 435865250 Entity: Asia","Year: 1945 Emissions: 323129099 Entity: Asia","Year: 1946 Emissions: 311410444 Entity: Asia","Year: 1947 Emissions: 372868560 Entity: Asia","Year: 1948 Emissions: 370219312 Entity: Asia","Year: 1949 Emissions: 456735655 Entity: Asia","Year: 1950 Emissions: 476121837 Entity: Asia","Year: 1951 Emissions: 456067222 Entity: Asia","Year: 1952 Emissions: 505794625 Entity: Asia","Year: 1953 Emissions: 541411695 Entity: Asia","Year: 1954 Emissions: 593297587 Entity: Asia","Year: 1955 Emissions: 676212146 Entity: Asia","Year: 1956 Emissions: 750836884 Entity: Asia","Year: 1957 Emissions: 845232786 Entity: Asia","Year: 1958 Emissions: 1139732611 Entity: Asia","Year: 1959 Emissions: 1375521891 Entity: Asia","Year: 1960 Emissions: 1540394483 Entity: Asia","Year: 1961 Emissions: 1395308133 Entity: Asia","Year: 1962 Emissions: 1344445545 Entity: Asia","Year: 1963 Emissions: 1425118416 Entity: Asia","Year: 1964 Emissions: 1509494689 Entity: Asia","Year: 1965 Emissions: 1652064447 Entity: Asia","Year: 1966 Emissions: 1799358286 Entity: Asia","Year: 1967 Emissions: 1827449007 Entity: Asia","Year: 1968 Emissions: 2018387350 Entity: Asia","Year: 1969 Emissions: 2291939814 Entity: Asia","Year: 1970 Emissions: 2699300836 Entity: Asia","Year: 1971 Emissions: 2953833259 Entity: Asia","Year: 1972 Emissions: 3124009857 Entity: Asia","Year: 1973 Emissions: 3355519482 Entity: Asia","Year: 1974 Emissions: 3415347407 Entity: Asia","Year: 1975 Emissions: 3581002878 Entity: Asia","Year: 1976 Emissions: 3806119266 Entity: Asia","Year: 1977 Emissions: 4050961252 Entity: Asia","Year: 1978 Emissions: 4232254059 Entity: Asia","Year: 1979 Emissions: 4405939806 Entity: Asia","Year: 1980 Emissions: 4400904783 Entity: Asia","Year: 1981 Emissions: 4374459208 Entity: Asia","Year: 1982 Emissions: 4524213069 Entity: Asia","Year: 1983 Emissions: 4706386594 Entity: Asia","Year: 1984 Emissions: 4980670654 Entity: Asia","Year: 1985 Emissions: 5272290607 Entity: Asia","Year: 1986 Emissions: 5498752809 Entity: Asia","Year: 1987 Emissions: 5735493718 Entity: Asia","Year: 1988 Emissions: 6205031052 Entity: Asia","Year: 1989 Emissions: 6421483079 Entity: Asia","Year: 1990 Emissions: 6625837983 Entity: Asia","Year: 1991 Emissions: 6956347159 Entity: Asia","Year: 1992 Emissions: 7269585454 Entity: Asia","Year: 1993 Emissions: 7600515327 Entity: Asia","Year: 1994 Emissions: 7931294332 Entity: Asia","Year: 1995 Emissions: 8251608613 Entity: Asia","Year: 1996 Emissions: 8579100358 Entity: Asia","Year: 1997 Emissions: 8691038455 Entity: Asia","Year: 1998 Emissions: 8421433438 Entity: Asia","Year: 1999 Emissions: 8678316711 Entity: Asia","Year: 2000 Emissions: 9091054959 Entity: Asia","Year: 2001 Emissions: 9259171838 Entity: Asia","Year: 2002 Emissions: 9779534328 Entity: Asia","Year: 2003 Emissions: 10716110297 Entity: Asia","Year: 2004 Emissions: 11681500681 Entity: Asia","Year: 2005 Emissions: 12522218780 Entity: Asia","Year: 2006 Emissions: 13363127459 Entity: Asia","Year: 2007 Emissions: 14080908201 Entity: Asia","Year: 2008 Emissions: 14811211177 Entity: Asia","Year: 2009 Emissions: 15412299488 Entity: Asia","Year: 2010 Emissions: 16530950685 Entity: Asia","Year: 2011 Emissions: 17746631804 Entity: Asia","Year: 2012 Emissions: 18456299828 Entity: Asia","Year: 2013 Emissions: 18714335123 Entity: Asia","Year: 2014 Emissions: 19018801891 Entity: Asia","Year: 2015 Emissions: 19135910319 Entity: Asia","Year: 2016 Emissions: 19218166352 Entity: Asia","Year: 2017 Emissions: 19653512867 Entity: Asia","Year: 2018 Emissions: 20254370026 Entity: Asia","Year: 2019 Emissions: 20608592701 Entity: Asia","Year: 2020 Emissions: 20317058379 Entity: 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Europe","Year: 1771 Emissions: 13611760 Entity: Europe","Year: 1772 Emissions: 13615424 Entity: Europe","Year: 1773 Emissions: 13619088 Entity: Europe","Year: 1774 Emissions: 13622752 Entity: Europe","Year: 1775 Emissions: 13626416 Entity: Europe","Year: 1776 Emissions: 15037056 Entity: Europe","Year: 1777 Emissions: 15040720 Entity: Europe","Year: 1778 Emissions: 15044384 Entity: Europe","Year: 1779 Emissions: 15048048 Entity: Europe","Year: 1780 Emissions: 15055376 Entity: Europe","Year: 1781 Emissions: 16843408 Entity: Europe","Year: 1782 Emissions: 16847072 Entity: Europe","Year: 1783 Emissions: 16854400 Entity: Europe","Year: 1784 Emissions: 16858064 Entity: Europe","Year: 1785 Emissions: 16865392 Entity: Europe","Year: 1786 Emissions: 19148064 Entity: Europe","Year: 1787 Emissions: 19155392 Entity: Europe","Year: 1788 Emissions: 19159056 Entity: Europe","Year: 1789 Emissions: 19166384 Entity: Europe","Year: 1790 Emissions: 19173712 Entity: Europe","Year: 1791 Emissions: 21416080 Entity: Europe","Year: 1792 Emissions: 21892400 Entity: Europe","Year: 1793 Emissions: 21910720 Entity: Europe","Year: 1794 Emissions: 21877744 Entity: Europe","Year: 1795 Emissions: 21888736 Entity: Europe","Year: 1796 Emissions: 22947632 Entity: Europe","Year: 1797 Emissions: 24090800 Entity: Europe","Year: 1798 Emissions: 25091072 Entity: Europe","Year: 1799 Emissions: 26424768 Entity: Europe","Year: 1800 Emissions: 27835408 Entity: Europe","Year: 1801 Emissions: 27688848 Entity: Europe","Year: 1802 Emissions: 36489776 Entity: Europe","Year: 1803 Emissions: 31187968 Entity: Europe","Year: 1804 Emissions: 33972608 Entity: Europe","Year: 1805 Emissions: 33074928 Entity: Europe","Year: 1806 Emissions: 34709072 Entity: Europe","Year: 1807 Emissions: 36493440 Entity: Europe","Year: 1808 Emissions: 34668768 Entity: Europe","Year: 1809 Emissions: 34683424 Entity: Europe","Year: 1810 Emissions: 36958768 Entity: Europe","Year: 1811 Emissions: 39131520 Entity: Europe","Year: 1812 Emissions: 40520176 Entity: Europe","Year: 1813 Emissions: 40696048 Entity: Europe","Year: 1814 Emissions: 41564416 Entity: Europe","Year: 1815 Emissions: 42883456 Entity: Europe","Year: 1816 Emissions: 46998128 Entity: Europe","Year: 1817 Emissions: 48709216 Entity: Europe","Year: 1818 Emissions: 48859440 Entity: Europe","Year: 1819 Emissions: 49181872 Entity: Europe","Year: 1820 Emissions: 49892688 Entity: Europe","Year: 1821 Emissions: 50603504 Entity: Europe","Year: 1822 Emissions: 52596720 Entity: Europe","Year: 1823 Emissions: 55645168 Entity: Europe","Year: 1824 Emissions: 57506480 Entity: Europe","Year: 1825 Emissions: 59616944 Entity: Europe","Year: 1826 Emissions: 60100592 Entity: Europe","Year: 1827 Emissions: 64464416 Entity: Europe","Year: 1828 Emissions: 65039664 Entity: Europe","Year: 1829 Emissions: 64596320 Entity: Europe","Year: 1830 Emissions: 87028597 Entity: Europe","Year: 1831 Emissions: 82257590 Entity: Europe","Year: 1832 Emissions: 82082675 Entity: Europe","Year: 1833 Emissions: 83272997 Entity: Europe","Year: 1834 Emissions: 85100064 Entity: Europe","Year: 1835 Emissions: 86125984 Entity: Europe","Year: 1836 Emissions: 100041856 Entity: Europe","Year: 1837 Emissions: 99382336 Entity: Europe","Year: 1838 Emissions: 103009696 Entity: Europe","Year: 1839 Emissions: 106091120 Entity: Europe","Year: 1840 Emissions: 113052720 Entity: Europe","Year: 1841 Emissions: 116401616 Entity: Europe","Year: 1842 Emissions: 122582784 Entity: Europe","Year: 1843 Emissions: 125085296 Entity: Europe","Year: 1844 Emissions: 132112848 Entity: Europe","Year: 1845 Emissions: 144002528 Entity: Europe","Year: 1846 Emissions: 145057760 Entity: Europe","Year: 1847 Emissions: 157299184 Entity: Europe","Year: 1848 Emissions: 156991408 Entity: Europe","Year: 1849 Emissions: 165242736 Entity: Europe","Year: 1850 Emissions: 177029630 Entity: Europe","Year: 1851 Emissions: 174102288 Entity: Europe","Year: 1852 Emissions: 180675504 Entity: Europe","Year: 1853 Emissions: 186944608 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Europe","Year: 1874 Emissions: 484544905 Entity: Europe","Year: 1875 Emissions: 534635642 Entity: Europe","Year: 1876 Emissions: 547123780 Entity: Europe","Year: 1877 Emissions: 545931491 Entity: Europe","Year: 1878 Emissions: 551743820 Entity: Europe","Year: 1879 Emissions: 569566060 Entity: Europe","Year: 1880 Emissions: 640717753 Entity: Europe","Year: 1881 Emissions: 657749226 Entity: Europe","Year: 1882 Emissions: 680172504 Entity: Europe","Year: 1883 Emissions: 718737032 Entity: Europe","Year: 1884 Emissions: 714114256 Entity: Europe","Year: 1885 Emissions: 716626785 Entity: Europe","Year: 1886 Emissions: 715952931 Entity: Europe","Year: 1887 Emissions: 743250804 Entity: Europe","Year: 1888 Emissions: 787469107 Entity: Europe","Year: 1889 Emissions: 824518449 Entity: Europe","Year: 1890 Emissions: 862527964 Entity: Europe","Year: 1891 Emissions: 892961894 Entity: Europe","Year: 1892 Emissions: 879268189 Entity: Europe","Year: 1893 Emissions: 854817752 Entity: Europe","Year: 1894 Emissions: 927854281 Entity: Europe","Year: 1895 Emissions: 952554435 Entity: Europe","Year: 1896 Emissions: 996090638 Entity: Europe","Year: 1897 Emissions: 1045580067 Entity: Europe","Year: 1898 Emissions: 1079071410 Entity: Europe","Year: 1899 Emissions: 1149405592 Entity: Europe","Year: 1900 Emissions: 1205634433 Entity: Europe","Year: 1901 Emissions: 1195102204 Entity: Europe","Year: 1902 Emissions: 1195967404 Entity: Europe","Year: 1903 Emissions: 1245050532 Entity: Europe","Year: 1904 Emissions: 1268305471 Entity: Europe","Year: 1905 Emissions: 1305575825 Entity: Europe","Year: 1906 Emissions: 1347295601 Entity: Europe","Year: 1907 Emissions: 1492693435 Entity: Europe","Year: 1908 Emissions: 1517106467 Entity: Europe","Year: 1909 Emissions: 1518710768 Entity: Europe","Year: 1910 Emissions: 1538492133 Entity: Europe","Year: 1911 Emissions: 1573984768 Entity: Europe","Year: 1912 Emissions: 1632356078 Entity: Europe","Year: 1913 Emissions: 1767217084 Entity: Europe","Year: 1914 Emissions: 1573793464 Entity: Europe","Year: 1915 Emissions: 1492706247 Entity: Europe","Year: 1916 Emissions: 1561014950 Entity: Europe","Year: 1917 Emissions: 1533266620 Entity: Europe","Year: 1918 Emissions: 1394054050 Entity: Europe","Year: 1919 Emissions: 1183761186 Entity: Europe","Year: 1920 Emissions: 1373670782 Entity: Europe","Year: 1921 Emissions: 1253114718 Entity: Europe","Year: 1922 Emissions: 1397864742 Entity: Europe","Year: 1923 Emissions: 1335672826 Entity: Europe","Year: 1924 Emissions: 1541490880 Entity: Europe","Year: 1925 Emissions: 1526763297 Entity: Europe","Year: 1926 Emissions: 1308384783 Entity: Europe","Year: 1927 Emissions: 1670139118 Entity: Europe","Year: 1928 Emissions: 1676784845 Entity: Europe","Year: 1929 Emissions: 1820241885 Entity: Europe","Year: 1930 Emissions: 1721169046 Entity: Europe","Year: 1931 Emissions: 1606566367 Entity: Europe","Year: 1932 Emissions: 1492846009 Entity: Europe","Year: 1933 Emissions: 1537176189 Entity: Europe","Year: 1934 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America","Year: 1919 Emissions: 1596982057 Entity: North America","Year: 1920 Emissions: 1899938011 Entity: North America","Year: 1921 Emissions: 1595440551 Entity: North America","Year: 1922 Emissions: 1591500224 Entity: North America","Year: 1923 Emissions: 2062964073 Entity: North America","Year: 1924 Emissions: 1845231935 Entity: North America","Year: 1925 Emissions: 1892376224 Entity: North America","Year: 1926 Emissions: 2037959547 Entity: North America","Year: 1927 Emissions: 1989282152 Entity: North America","Year: 1928 Emissions: 1953447300 Entity: North America","Year: 1929 Emissions: 2090042962 Entity: North America","Year: 1930 Emissions: 1865619639 Entity: North America","Year: 1931 Emissions: 1582574360 Entity: North America","Year: 1932 Emissions: 1349391392 Entity: North America","Year: 1933 Emissions: 1441233360 Entity: North America","Year: 1934 Emissions: 1542101354 Entity: North America","Year: 1935 Emissions: 1600188914 Entity: North America","Year: 1936 Emissions: 1830039443 Entity: North America","Year: 1937 Emissions: 1921476296 Entity: North America","Year: 1938 Emissions: 1637415638 Entity: North America","Year: 1939 Emissions: 1801314442 Entity: North America","Year: 1940 Emissions: 2020176587 Entity: North America","Year: 1941 Emissions: 2199466111 Entity: North America","Year: 1942 Emissions: 2360895189 Entity: North America","Year: 1943 Emissions: 2442572247 Entity: North America","Year: 1944 Emissions: 2620135378 Entity: North America","Year: 1945 Emissions: 2528287260 Entity: North America","Year: 1946 Emissions: 2437620452 Entity: North America","Year: 1947 Emissions: 2676599193 Entity: North America","Year: 1948 Emissions: 2790213188 Entity: North America","Year: 1949 Emissions: 2352740570 Entity: North America","Year: 1950 Emissions: 2744654190 Entity: North America","Year: 1951 Emissions: 2840649323 Entity: North America","Year: 1952 Emissions: 2768178227 Entity: North America","Year: 1953 Emissions: 2831916500 Entity: North America","Year: 1954 Emissions: 2718204184 Entity: North America","Year: 1955 Emissions: 2966226498 Entity: North America","Year: 1956 Emissions: 3124030685 Entity: North America","Year: 1957 Emissions: 3103255373 Entity: North America","Year: 1958 Emissions: 3022679316 Entity: North America","Year: 1959 Emissions: 3114883663 Entity: North America","Year: 1960 Emissions: 3189112226 Entity: North America","Year: 1961 Emissions: 3184349939 Entity: North America","Year: 1962 Emissions: 3309376792 Entity: North America","Year: 1963 Emissions: 3442290937 Entity: North America","Year: 1964 Emissions: 3621031075 Entity: North America","Year: 1965 Emissions: 3771440604 Entity: North America","Year: 1966 Emissions: 3956276316 Entity: North America","Year: 1967 Emissions: 4126962898 Entity: North America","Year: 1968 Emissions: 4289367868 Entity: North America","Year: 1969 Emissions: 4501679888 Entity: North America","Year: 1970 Emissions: 4862418409 Entity: North America","Year: 1971 Emissions: 4916075467 Entity: North America","Year: 1972 Emissions: 5162109508 Entity: North America","Year: 1973 Emissions: 5397122525 Entity: North America","Year: 1974 Emissions: 5251285810 Entity: North America","Year: 1975 Emissions: 5127968610 Entity: North America","Year: 1976 Emissions: 5434560667 Entity: North America","Year: 1977 Emissions: 5591028587 Entity: North America","Year: 1978 Emissions: 5676990941 Entity: North America","Year: 1979 Emissions: 5792359070 Entity: North America","Year: 1980 Emissions: 5621038348 Entity: North America","Year: 1981 Emissions: 5495519473 Entity: North America","Year: 1982 Emissions: 5263629687 Entity: North America","Year: 1983 Emissions: 5203537112 Entity: North America","Year: 1984 Emissions: 5461843912 Entity: North America","Year: 1985 Emissions: 5465180017 Entity: North America","Year: 1986 Emissions: 5450086150 Entity: North America","Year: 1987 Emissions: 5656466693 Entity: North America","Year: 1988 Emissions: 5906086497 Entity: North America","Year: 1989 Emissions: 6018100327 Entity: North America","Year: 1990 Emissions: 5984512141 Entity: North America","Year: 1991 Emissions: 5932717441 Entity: North America","Year: 1992 Emissions: 6057230391 Entity: North America","Year: 1993 Emissions: 6163882533 Entity: North America","Year: 1994 Emissions: 6288259639 Entity: North America","Year: 1995 Emissions: 6350638338 Entity: North America","Year: 1996 Emissions: 6576288267 Entity: North America","Year: 1997 Emissions: 6695065330 Entity: North America","Year: 1998 Emissions: 6765937652 Entity: North America","Year: 1999 Emissions: 6861781942 Entity: North America","Year: 2000 Emissions: 7107691709 Entity: North America","Year: 2001 Emissions: 7014631472 Entity: North America","Year: 2002 Emissions: 7068126101 Entity: North America","Year: 2003 Emissions: 7183859119 Entity: North America","Year: 2004 Emissions: 7282769072 Entity: North America","Year: 2005 Emissions: 7330252917 Entity: North America","Year: 2006 Emissions: 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America","Year: 1894 Emissions: 2033520 Entity: South America","Year: 1895 Emissions: 2828608 Entity: South America","Year: 1896 Emissions: 2879904 Entity: South America","Year: 1897 Emissions: 2758992 Entity: South America","Year: 1898 Emissions: 3176688 Entity: South America","Year: 1899 Emissions: 3715296 Entity: South America","Year: 1900 Emissions: 3165696 Entity: South America","Year: 1901 Emissions: 6401008 Entity: South America","Year: 1902 Emissions: 7379296 Entity: South America","Year: 1903 Emissions: 7676080 Entity: South America","Year: 1904 Emissions: 8665360 Entity: South America","Year: 1905 Emissions: 9211296 Entity: South America","Year: 1906 Emissions: 12329360 Entity: South America","Year: 1907 Emissions: 12684768 Entity: South America","Year: 1908 Emissions: 14886832 Entity: South America","Year: 1909 Emissions: 13406576 Entity: South America","Year: 1910 Emissions: 17246448 Entity: South America","Year: 1911 Emissions: 19162720 Entity: South America","Year: 1912 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???

The Downward trend during coronavirus saw emissions drop by ~10%

The scale of the challenge is to reduce emissions by 10% every year, every year, and the challenge gets hard with each year

That means: we need transformational change, we need to be on a war footing

---

### Decarbonisation

---

# Root causes: scarcity and fear

???

That may sound counter-intuitive given that we have an over-supply of fossil fuels

But it's a sense of scarcity that makes people move from being economic satisficers to maximers

And a sense of scarcity is driven by fear - so an important response to climate change is to not respond fearfully but optimistically

Consumption is often portrayed as a bottom-up process but in fact it's largely top-down: people who have too much wanting more, dedicating their lives to increasing their share of the pie

In a society where people have a sense of abundance, there will be fewer people who feel the need to accumulate and compete

---

## Only demand side solutions can work

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">We&#39;re barrelling head first into a cataclysmic climate disaster of planetary scale, and our governments and economies are COMPLETELY disregarding the emergency exit that would spare us. We&#39;re not going to make it, and it&#39;s not because &quot;solutions&quot; don&#39;t exist. A 🧵, I guess. 1/&mdash; Prof Julia 🌍🌹🌱 ClimateAction FightFascism 🇵🇸 (@JKSteinberger) <a href="https://twitter.com/JKSteinberger/status/1415189267542904833?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 14, 2021</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>

---

# How open source software can help?

- Open source software creates a sense of abundance

- Open source software is energy efficient

- Open source software discourages waste

Open source software enables transparent + participatory evidence -> buy-in

---

.left-column[

## Case studies

```r
pkgs = c(
  "pct",
  "abstr"
  )
# install...
install.packages(pkgs)
vignette(
  "getting"
  )
```

Check the docs and play with the example datasets. Ask questions and build the community!

]

.right-column[

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1825120/141021386-3ee6af6d-8ca8-4f4c-9856-c636f4a8fc0e.png)

Source: [ATUMEdinburgh](https://rpubs.com/RobinLovelace/757669) project + [a-b-street.org](https://a-b-street.github.io/docs/project/retrospective/index.html#road-editor)

![](https://a-b-street.github.io/docs/project/retrospective/edit_roads.gif)
Play with some data for your city (only England for now sorry)
https://github.com/Robinlovelace/openTransportDataDemo

]

---
class: center, middle

# Thanks, links, happy R day travels 🚶, 🚲 +  🚀!

- Reproducible slides: [github.com/robinlovelace/presentations](https://github.com/robinlovelace/presentations)

- Transport chapter in Geocomputation with R (feedback welcome):
[geocompr.robinlovelace.net](http://geocompr.robinlovelace.net/transport.html)

Slides created via the R package [**xaringan**](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan).